法学研究

文章摘要

国际司法机构的源起与发展路径

Origin and Developing Path of International Judicial Organ

DOI：

英文关键词: international judicial organ;the Peace Conferences at Hague;the Peace Conference at Versailles;international organization

基金项目:

作者	单位
邓烈	中南财经政法大学法学院

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中文摘要:

国际司法机构的兴起是现代国际法最重大的进展之一。中外学界一般认为，其源头始于1899年和1907年的两次海牙和会，其后的所有发展都是海牙和会所开启之进程的延续。这种看法与实践并不完全吻合。裁判人权、国际刑事或国际公务员案件的国际法庭或法院，在性质、原则及结构体制上都与国际法院等所谓海牙法庭存在很大差异。它们有着自己的演进路径，其源头不是海牙和会，而是1919年的凡尔赛和会。海牙和会代表了国家间基础上的横向权力结构，而凡尔赛和会则是纵向的、有组织的现代国际社会兴起的标志。现代国际社会在可预见的将来仍会维持这种二元结构，这也就决定了国际司法机构在相当长的时间内仍会分别沿着不同的路径继续发展。

英文摘要:

The rising of international judicial organs from the early 1900’s is one of the greatest progresses which have been made in the field of modern international law. As to the origin of the international judicial organs, both Chinese and foreign scholars hold the viewpoint that all kinds of international courts or tribunals can be traced back to the Peace Conferences at Hague in 1899 and 1907, and the Conferences blazed the path for the development of all the judicial organs. But this contention works against the practice of international adjudication. According to this article, many international judicial organs, such as the international administrative tribunals, the international courts of human rights, and the international criminal courts or tribunals, are different from the so-called “the Hague courts and tribunals” in their nature, principles, structure and so on. They have their own developing path. Their origin is not the Peace Conferences at Hague, but the Peace Conference at Versailles instead. The Peace Conferences at Hague tried to bring the experiences of modern international arbitration into the dispute resolution mechanisms with more judicial characteristics, thus opened the first important developing direction of international judicial organs. The Hague represents the traditional horizontal international community which bases on a plat-like power structure between the sovereign States. On the contrary, the international criminal courts or tribunals, and the international courts of human rights judge mainly the recently arisen relationships between individuals and the international society, the States and the international organizations. The Versailles is the sign of the modern vertical international community with organized tower-like power structure. This horizontal-vertical dual structure, which reflects States’wills for independence and mankind’s hope for global governance, should be the basis of the international community in the foreseeable future. And it means that the international judicial organs will keep up with the two developing paths in quite a long time.

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