| Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has established general standards for impartial jurisdiction recognized by international community. The right to impartial jurisdiction applies to criminal litigation, as well as civil litigation, administ rative litigation and other possible"lawsuits". In order to realize the right to impartial jurisdiction, everyone should be entitled to some related rights, such as the right to equality before the courts and t ribunals, the right to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law, the right to minimum procedural guarantee in criminal trial, the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher t ribunal, the right to be compensated when suffering from a wrongful final decision and the right not to be tried or punished again for an offence, etc. |
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