法学研究

文章摘要

刑法学中危险接受的法理

On the Jurisprudential Basis of Acceptance of Risk in Criminal Law

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英文关键词: acceptance of risk;basic category;prerequisite conditions;jurisprudential basis

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作者	单位
张明楷	清华大学法学院

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中文摘要:

根据是自己侵害还是他者侵害这一标准，危险接受分为两种情形：被害人自己支配实害结果发生的，被告人的行为属于自己危险化的参与；被告人的行为支配实害结果发生的，则是基于合意的他者危险化。被害人承诺、规范的保护范围、被害人自我答责等理论，均不能妥当说明危险接受的法理。在自己危险化的参与的场合，被害人支配实害结果发生的行为不符合任何犯罪的构成要件，故参与者（被告人）的行为不可能成立犯罪。在基于合意的他者危险化的场合，被告人支配实害结果发生的行为，符合过失犯的构成要件且不具有违法阻却事由，原则上不排除犯罪的成立；但是，如果能够认定被害人对被告人实施强制行为，或者具有优越的知识，支配了因果发生进程，对实害结果的发生处于间接正犯的地位，则被告人的行为不成立犯罪。

英文摘要:

Depending on whether a risk-generating conduct is attributed to the victim or the offender, assumption of risk can be classified into two categories: (1)"self-endangering", i.e., the victim dominates the occurrence of the harmful result, while the offender only participates in the risk-generating conduct; (2)"endangering someone else", i.e., the offender dominates the concurrence of the harmful result. None of such theories as Consent, the Protective Scope of the Rule, the Self-liability Principle, the Dogmatics of the Victim or the Negation of Risk provides appropriate theoretical basis for acceptance of risk.The self-liability principle, as the currently dominant theory, sets various conditions to reach the"not guilty" conclusion, but such conditions are untenable. Moreover, the self-liability theory and the consent theory share the same jurisprudential basis, i.e., the Right of Self-determination of the victim. Now that in cases of"endangering someone else" the wrongfulness of the act cannot be negated by the operation of consent, the self-liability principle with the same jurisprudential basis is also unable to accomplish that goal. In cases of self-endangering, since the victim’s conduct which dominates the concurrence of the harmful result does not fulfill any criminal constitutive requirements, the participator (the offender) should be exculpated on the basis of the Doctrine of Accomplice Dependency.In a situation where the conduct of the offender and the victim jointly lead to the harmful result, it should be classified as self-endangering, and the criminality of the offender’s conduct should be negated. In cases of endangering someone else, the conduct of the offender fulfills the constitutive requirements of negligence without any justified defense, and thus in principle the offender cannot be exculpated. However, if it can be proved that the victim has coerced the offender or has superior knowledge, which enables him to dominate the causal process and renders him the indirect principal for the occurrence of the harmful result, then the offender should be exculpated.

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