法学研究

文章摘要

收养法的社会化：从亲子法转向儿童法

Socialization of Adoption Law: From Parent-Child Relationship to Children's Welfare

DOI：

英文关键词: adoption law; socialization; the best interests of the child; the principle of “the best interest of the adoptee”

基金项目:

作者	单位
邓丽	中国社会科学院法学研究所

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中文摘要:

现代收养制度通过承继和改造“法律行为—法律关系”的私法逻辑，实现拟制亲子关系的制度目标。“二战”以后，社会现实需求、国际人权思潮等推动各国收养法立足本土国情不断社会化，发展出以儿童最大利益原则为统率，以收养条件、收养程序、收养效力和收养服务为制度支柱的伞型儿童保护架构。我国民法典收养章在承袭既有私法框架的同时，通过确立最有利于被收养人原则、引入收养评估机制等，释放出积极的社会化信号，但尚缺乏针对民间收养屡禁不绝、被收养人权益不彰等突出社会问题的有效应对。其后，未成年人保护法经修订亦明确规定最有利于未成年人原则，强化政府和社会保护机制。至此，儿童最大利益原则的中国法表达与路径已渐趋明朗。自领域法视角而言，我国收养法正逐步突破私法边界，融入社会保护法律规范，从传统亲子法范畴转向更加明确和统一的儿童保护法，有望形成内外体系协调一致的本土化、社会化新架构。未来改革宜聚焦于放宽一般收养条件、疏导特殊收养通道、建立实质审查机制和支持服务体系等，致力于实现特定情境下特定被收养人的最大利益。

英文摘要:

The modern adoption system achieves the institutional goal of creating fictional blood relations in law by inheriting and reforming the logic of "legal behavior-legal relationship" in private law. After World War II, the actual needs of society and international human rights ideology have prompted many countries to continuously socialize adoption laws on the basis of their local conditions and develop an umbrella shaped framework for the protection of rights of the child with the principle of the best interests of the child as the command, and the adoption conditions, adoption procedures, adoption effectiveness and adoption services as the four pillars. In China, while the Chapter on Adoption in the Chinese Civil Code (CCC) generally keeps the private legal frame of the adoption law, it also releases positive signals of socialization by such means as adopting the principle of "the best interest of the adoptee" and introducing adoption assessment mechanism into the legal adoption process. However, it is still unable to effectively deal with such prominent social problems as the jammed private adoption channel and the weak protection of adoptees. Five months after the adoption of CCC, the Law on the Protection of Minors was amended to specifically provide the principle of "the best interest of the minor" and to strengthen the government and social protection mechanisms. At this point, the expression and the path of the principle of the best interests of the child in Chinese law have become more and more clear. From the perspective of field law, Chinese adoption law is gradually breaking through the boundary of private law, integrating itself into the legal norms of social protection, and shifting from the traditional legal norms of parent-child relationship to a clearer and more unified goal of protection of minors. Thus, a new structure with coordinated internal and external systems could be expected in the course of localization and socialization. In the future, relevant legal reforms should focus on loosening the general adoption conditions, facilitating special adoption needs, and establishing substantive examination mechanism and support service system, so as to meet the requirements of the principle of "the best interest of the adoptee".

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