法学研究

文章摘要

初查的行政执法化改革及其配套机制——以公安机关“行刑衔接”为视角

Transforming Preliminary Investigation into Administrative Law Enforcement and Its Supporting Mechanisms

DOI：

英文关键词: preliminary investigation; administrative law enforcement; connection between administrative and criminal law

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作者	单位
张泽涛

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中文摘要:

实践中公安机关的初查已经变相替代了侦查，大量行政执法手段渗透到初查环节，导致了初查的侦查实质化等诸多弊端。应取消刑事立案程序或者降低刑事立案标准，对刑事犯(自然犯)直接启动侦查；对行政不法，经过初查确定构成行政犯(法定犯)之后转换为刑事侦查。从权力属性看，初查属于行政执法行为。刑事案件追诉标准的具体化和大数据在公安执法中的运用，使初查的行政执法化有了数据标准和技术支撑；立法规定行政证据在刑事诉讼中的使用，使初查取证与刑事证据的衔接具备了制度前提，也是对公安司法机关执法和司法解释经验的认可。为实现初查的行政执法化改革，应细化和系统化公安机关刑事案件追诉标准，修改2020年《公安机关办理行政案件程序规定》第65条，充分发挥大数据在办案中的大引擎作用，按照比例原则提高公安机关实施行政执法行为的标准，加强对公安机关“行刑衔接”类案件和行政执法程序的监督，规范行政证据转换为刑事证据的制约机制。

英文摘要:

In practice, the preliminary investigation by public security organs has in effect replaced criminal investigation. A large number of administrative enforcement means have penetrated into initial investigation, which results in the substantiation of preliminary investigation and many other problems. China should abolish the case filing procedure or lower the standard for filing criminal cases, directly initiate criminal investigation on criminal suspects, and convert the investigation of administrative illegal acts into criminal investigation once initial investigation confirms that a crime has been constituted. Preliminary investigation is an act of administrative law enforcement. The elaboration on criminal prosecution standards and the use of big data in public security law enforcement provide the data standard and technological supports for transforming preliminary investigation into administrative law enforcement. The legislation on the use of administrative evidence in criminal proceedings provides the institutional premise for the connection between preliminary evidence taking and criminal evidence, thereby confirms the experiences of public security and judicial organs in law enforcement and judicial interpretation. China should refine and systematize criminal prosecution standards of public security organs, revise Article 65 of the Provisions on the Procedures for Handling Administrative Cases by Public Security Organs, give full play to the role of big data in the handling cases, raise the standards of administrative enforcement by public security organs in accordance with the principle of proportionality, intensify supervision by procuratorates over administrative law enforcement activities, strengthen mechanisms for the internal and external supervision over public security organs’ handling of cases involving the connection between administrative and criminal proceedings, and regulate the restraint mechanism for converting administrative evidence into criminal evidence.

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