法学研究

文章摘要

中国合同法上的产权平等保护

Equal Protection of Property Rightsin Chinese Contract Law

DOI：

英文关键词: contract law; property protection; state-owned assets; private economy; formal equality; substantive equality

基金项目:

作者	单位
罗昆	武汉大学法学院

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中文摘要:

梳理我国合同制度可知，民事基本法中的合同制度主要贯彻了形式上的产权平等保护；保护国有资产的特别交易法已成体系但大部分未融入合同法的制度体系中；保护民营经济的特别交易规则并不存在，但以形式平等保护、依法平等保护、全面平等保护为内涵的产权平等保护司法理念已经影响到合同法的司法实践。一般而言，合同法上的平等保护需服从两项规则，一是以形式平等为原则、以实质平等为例外的实体规则；二是实质平等观的证成至少需遵循反向证伪、挖掘实质差异、注意适用范围、实现合理回应等四项论证规则。国有财产归属主体实体法地位的模糊性、授权代表的多重性、授权范围的宽泛性、授权性质的复杂性，决定了我国合同法上的产权保护应以形式平等为原则、以实质平等为例外，在特定制度上对国有产权主体与私有产权主体实行差异化对待。具体而言，在国有土地使用权出让合同违约金调整、行政协议范围确定问题上，应贯彻形式平等观；在预约合同与无拘束力协议的区分、越权代表或越权职务代理中法定授权限制的典型情形、恶意串通的案型扩张问题上，应贯彻实质平等观。

英文摘要:

A review of the Chinese contract law shows that the contract system in the Chinese civil basic law mainly implements formal equal protection of property rights. The special transaction law for protecting state-owned assets has become a system, but most of it has not been integrated into the system of contract law. There are no special transaction rules for the protection of the private economy, but the judicial concept of equal protection of property rights, which includes formal equal protection, legal equal protection, and comprehensive equal protection, has already influenced the judicial practice of contract law. In general, equal protection in contract law needs to comply with two rules. One is the substantive rule, which takes formal equality as the principle and substantive equality as the exception, and the other is that the justification of the concept of substantive equality must follow at least four rules of argumentation, namely reverse falsification, exploring substantive differences, paying attention to the scope of application, and achieving reasonable responses. The ambiguity of the substantive legal status of subjects of state-owned property ownership, the multiplicity of authorized representatives, the breadth of authorized scope, and the complexity of authorized nature, determine that the protection of property rights in Chinese contract law should take formal equality as the principle and substantive equality as the exception and that differentiated treatment should be given to subjects of state-owned and those of private property rights in specific systems. Specifically, in the adjustment of liquidated damages for state-owned land use rights transferring contracts and the determination of the scope of administrative agreements, the concept of formal equality should be implemented. In the distinction between precontracts and non-binding agreements, typical cases of legal authorization restrictions in ultra vires agency or exercising the authority of duty agency beyond the duty, and the expansion of malicious collusion cases, substantive equality should be implemented.

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