法学研究

文章摘要

过分高于损失：违约金调整的基本标准——以民法典第585条第2款为中心

Excessively Exceeding Losses: Basic Standard for Liquidated Damages Adjustment

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英文关键词: liquidated damages; loss; reduction of liquidated damages; private autonomy; functions of liquidated damages

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作者	单位
王利明	中国人民大学法学院

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中文摘要:

违约金条款是当事人合同自由的产物，“过分高于损失”作为违约金调减的标准，彰显了尊重当事人意思自治的基本理念。违约金调整应当以不调减为原则、以调减为例外，这不仅体现了对当事人意思自治的尊重，也来源于违约金的补偿和惩罚双重功能。违约金调整应当严格区分是否调整和如何调整这两个不同的问题；违约金过分高于损失是违约金调减程序启动的条件，其主要是一个事实认定而非法律判断问题。法院首先应当审查非违约方的损失，以确定违约金是否过分高于损失。违约金的调减必须以损失为基准，并结合其他因素予以公平合理地判断。违约金调减的结果不得低于非违约方的损失，在调减中应坚持“适当减少”原则，原则上违约金调减的结果保持在损失的100%-130%区间内较为适宜。

英文摘要:

Liquidated damages clauses arise from the parties’ freedom of contract, with the standard of “excessively exceeding loss” reflecting the fundamental principle of respecting private autonomy in private law. In the adjustment to liquidated damages, the principle of no reduction by default should be adhered to and reduction should be taken as the exception. This approach not only respects the parties’ private autonomy but also recognizes the dual functions of liquidated damages, namely compensation and punishment. Adjusting liquidated damages requires a strict distinction between the question of whether an adjustment is warranted and the question of how the adjustment should be made. Excessively exceeding loss serves as the condition for initiating the adjustment process, representing primarily a matter of factual determination rather than legal judgment. The court should first examine the non-breaching party’s losses to ascertain whether the liquidated damages indeed exceed those losses excessively. The adjustment must be based on the losses incurred and consider other relevant factors to ensure fairness and reasonableness. In the adjustment, the principle of “appropriate reduction” must be adhered to and the outcome of any adjustment should not fall below the non-breaching party’s losses. In general, it’s appropriate that the amount after adjustment is in the range of 100%-130% of the losses.

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