法学研究

文章摘要

合同内容的证明责任分配

Distribution of Burden of Proof on Contract Content

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英文关键词: contract content; essential clauses; non-essential clauses; the normative theory; distribution of burden of proof

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作者	单位
胡东海	中南财经政法大学法学院

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中文摘要:

合同内容的证明责任分配须借助“规范说”的证明责任分配原理进行补充。合同必要条款与非必要条款的区分不仅决定合同成立所要求的合意范围，而且对合同成立与合同内容的证明责任分配均具决定性。以“规范说”为代表的现代证明责任理论通过解构单一的合同法问题，区分“合同条款的合意”与“合同条款的内容”，进而区分合同成立与合同内容的证明责任分配。依“规范说”，非必要条款的内容由主张者举证，若其由原告主张，则为合同权利的产生要件而应由原告举证；若其由被告主张，则为合同权利的阻碍要件而应由被告举证。非必要条款包括常素和偶素，主张者应举证约定常素的内容，即举证存在异于任意规范的约定内容；主张者应举证约定偶素的内容，即举证条件或期限的存在及内容。必要条款的内容在一般情形由原告举证，即原告举证当事人、标的和数量等条款的内容。价款或报酬条款应区分为“应当支付”条款与“如何计算”条款，前者属于必要条款而由原告举证其内容，后者属于非必要条款而由主张者举证其内容。必要条款的内容在涉及代理权的特殊情形由主张者举证。

英文摘要:

The burden of proof for contract content should be supplemented by the doctrine of distribution of burden of proof in the normative theory. The distinction between essential clauses and non-essential ones of a contract not only determines the scope of consensus required for the establishment of a contract, but also is decisive for the allocation of the burden of proof for both the establishment and the content of a contract. By deconstructing the single issue of contract law, the normative theory distinguishes between the consent and the content of contractual clauses and then further distinguishes the allocation of the burden of proof for the establishment and the content of a contract. According to the normative theory, the content of non-essential clauses should be proved by the claimant. If it is claimed by the plaintiff, the plaintiff should prove that it is the constitutive requirement of the contractual rights. If it is claimed by the defendant, the defendant should prove that it is a hindrance to the contractual rights. Since the non-essential clauses include naturalia and accidentialia, the claimant should prove the content of agreed naturalia that is different from the arbitrary norms. The claimant should prove the content of accidentialia, including the conditions or a time limit of a contract. In general, the content of essential clauses is proved by the plaintiff, that is, the plaintiff should prove the content of the clauses on the parties, the subject matter and the quantity. Price or remuneration clauses are divided into “should be paid” clause and “how to calculate” clause, the former is an essential clause, the content of which should be proved by the plaintiff, while the latter is a non-essential clause, the content of which should be proved by the claimant. In particular, the content of essential clauses is proved by the claimant when the right of agency is involved.

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