法学研究

文章摘要

破产程序中的抵销预期保护

Protection of Set-off Expectation in Bankruptcy Proceedings

DOI：

英文关键词: set-off; set-off in bankruptcy; set-off expectation; preferences

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作者	单位
朱虎	中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心

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中文摘要:

基于社会成本和社会收益的考量,应保护债权人在破产申请受理时依据非破产法规范形成的抵销预期。该抵销预期的形成,首先要求债权人的债权债务在破产申请受理时均实际发生或具备发生原因,其次要求破产申请受理时债权人的抵销权已产生,或者虽未产生但债权人的债权比债务先到期或同时到期。抵销人在破产申请受理后制造相互性,或在破产申请受理前的临界期内恶意通过可撤销方式制造相互性,均构成偏颇行为,其在破产申请受理时不具有抵销预期。银行的扣款还贷构成抵销,即便不属于禁止抵销的情形,也可能构成可撤销的偏颇清偿,在破产申请受理后不应被允许。非独立抵销中,抵销人的抵销预期较强,不受破产抵销的诸多限制。因股东不当行为而产生债务的禁止抵销,并非基于衡平居次,而是基于非破产法规范的禁止抵销情形,股东同样不具有抵销预期。据此,关于破产抵销的诸多规范、理论和实践问题,均可统合于抵销预期中得到解释。

英文摘要:

Based on the considerations of social costs and social benefits, the set-off expectation of creditors under non-bankruptcy norms at the time of the acceptance of the bankruptcy application should be protected. The formation of the set-off expectation requires, firstly, that the creditor’s claim and crossclaim have actually occurred or have a cause of occurrence when the bankruptcy application is accepted,and secondly, that the creditor’s right of set-off has arisen when the bankruptcy application is accepted or has not arisen, but the creditor’s claim was due prior to or at the same time as the cross-claim. The acts of creating mutuality by the set-off right holder after the acceptance of the bankruptcy application or maliciously creating mutuality by voidable ways in the preference period before the acceptance of the bankruptcy application constitute preferences. As a result, the set-off right holder does not have the expectation of set-off at the time of the acceptance of the bankruptcy application. The bank’s deduction for loan repayment constitutes a set-off, which, in addition to the above prohibition of set-off, may also constitute voidable preferences, and should not be permitted after the acceptance of the bankruptcy application. In a non-independent set-off, the set-off expectation of the set-off right holder is stronger and is not subject to many of the limitations on the set-off in bankruptcy. The prohibition on set-off of debts arising from shareholder misconduct is not based on equitable subordination rule, but rather on the prohibition of set-off under non-bankruptcy norms, where the shareholder likewise does not have the set-off expectation. Accordingly, many of the normative, theoretical, and practical issues concerning set-off in bankruptcy can be unified and explained in the context of set-off expectation.

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