法学研究

文章摘要

违规合同的效力评价:路径与方法

Paths to and Methods of Evaluating the Effect of Contracts that Violate Administrative Rules

DOI：

英文关键词: hierarchy of legal sources; legal reservation; public order and good morals; evaluation of compliance with legal order; dynamic system

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作者	单位
蔡睿	中国社会科学院法学研究所

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中文摘要:

立法将合同适法规范中的法源位阶限制为法律和行政法规,目的在于排除部门利益和地方利益对合同自由的不当干扰,为全国统一大市场的建立提供法治保障,这一做法形成了独具中国特色的法律保留现象。在“违法—背俗”二元评价框架下,对于既违法又违规的合同,可依被违反之上位法连接适法规范评价合同效力。对于单纯违规合同,若欲“绕道”公序良俗条款评价其效力,则须跨越违规与背俗之间的方法论“鸿沟”。裁判者对单纯违规合同进行背俗审查应保持谦抑性,在方法上,必须对被合同违反之规定进行合秩序评价后,才能进入动态体系下的价值权衡阶段。在价值权衡过程中,作为基本权利的合同自由处于优越地位,否定合同效力必须经过充分的论证。合同适法规范限制法源位阶,不是一种实用主义的权宜之计,而是具有法律适用上的重大意义。

英文摘要:

China’s civil legislation limits the legal sources of legality norms for contracts to laws and administrative regulations to eliminate inappropriate interference by departmental and local interests with contract freedom, and to provide legal protection for the establishment of a unified national market. This approach can be described as a unique phenomenon of legal reservation with Chinese characteristics.Under the binary evaluation framework of contract content, the validity of a contract that violates both law and lower-level rules can be evaluated by connecting the higher-level law being violated with legality norms. To evaluate through public order and good morals clauses the effect of a contract that violates only lower-level rules, a methodological “gap” must be bridged. Judges should maintain humility when determining whether the public order and good morals is violated by a contract that violates administrative rules. They should first evaluate whether the provisions violated by the contract comply with the legal order and then enter the stage of balancing interests in a dynamic system. In the process of balancing interests, the freedom of contract as a fundamental right always holds an important position, and the negation of the effect of the contract must be fully demonstrated. The limitation of the hierarchy of legal sources in legality norms is not a temporary solution, but has significant implications for legal application.

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