法学研究

文章摘要

计算机信息系统作为财产的私法保护

Private Law Protection of Computer Information Systems as Property

DOI：

英文关键词: computer information systems; property rights; intellectual property; data ownership; technological protection measures

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作者	单位
张浩然	中国社会科学院法学研究所

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中文摘要:

数字经济催生各种新型财产形态而要求完善财产权制度,理论上多通过逐一界定客体属性构造财产权模型,非物质财产形态的多样化与动态性使传统制度模式面临困境。不同于传统工业经济,数字经济的市场交易形式由商品交换转变为平台提供服务,企业将各种生产要素纳入平台组织整合开展竞争,财产保护需求由控制单一生产资料转变为控制要素活动系统,可整体性地确认计算机信息系统的财产权益而实现对各类财产要素的保护。按照“有体—无体”的财产二分框架,计算机信息系统的物理硬件可受物权法保护,代码内容的保护则主要依靠知识产权法上的技术措施制度,无法及于非版权内容,制度扩张的前提取决于计算机信息系统之上能否成立私人财产权。回归物权法视角,计算机信息系统物理层、应用层、网络层整体作为“物”成为财产权客体,所有人和占有人有权排除他人非法访问、破坏和控制计算机信息系统,限制访问系统可排除破坏技术措施的非法侵入行为,公开访问系统则对一般公众访问负有容忍义务。在此产权框架下,权利人可通过技术措施自主进行计算机系统资源的配置、利用、收益和处分,实现平台自治与法律保护的激励相容。

英文摘要:

The digital economy has spurred the emergence of various new forms of property, highlighting the need to improve property law frameworks. Theoretical approaches often attempt to construct models of property rights by defining the attributes of objects. However, the increasing diversity and fluidity of intangible property forms challenge the effectiveness of these models. In contrast to the industrial economy, where market transactions primarily involve the exchange of goods, the digital economy operates through platforms that provide services. Enterprises integrate diverse production factors into the platforms, competing by organizing and coordinating these factors. Consequently, the focus of property protection has shifted from control over individual production factors to control over the entire system, affirming property interests in computer information systems holistically, thereby safeguarding the full range of digital elements embedded within them. Within the tangible-intangible dichotomy, hardware enjoys property law protection, while code content remains partially covered by intellectual property law, mainly via technological protection measures that exclude non-copyright content. The possibility of expansion of legal protection depends on whether property rights can be affirmed in computer information systems.From the property law standpoint, the physical, application, and network layers of a computer information system may jointly constitute a “thing” that serves as the object of property rights. Owners and possessors should be entitled to exclude unauthorized access, interference or control. For restricted-access systems, they have the right to prevent unlawful access by circumvention of technological measures, and for open-access systems, they have the duty to tolerate lawful public access. Under such a framework,right-holders may autonomously allocate, utilize, benefit from, and dispose of resources within computer information systems via technological measures, achieving an incentive-compatible alignment between platform self-governance and legal protection.

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