法学研究

文章摘要

生态环境法典中的加强行政执法措施——以按日计罚、查封扣押、限产停产、移送行政拘留为对象

Measures for Strengthening Administrative Enforcement in the Ecological and Environmental Code

DOI：

英文关键词: Ecological and Environmental Code; administrative law enforcement; ecological civilization; stringency; comprehensiveness

基金项目:

作者	单位
竺效, 李政, 邱涛韬	1. 中国人民大学法学院;2. 中国人民大学;3. 中共浙江省委党校(浙江行政学院)

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中文摘要:

生态环境法典沿用并优化了环境保护法中的按日计罚、查封扣押、限产停产、移送行政拘留这四种旨在加强行政执法的措施。该四大措施通过提升制度严格性和构建法治严密性发挥威慑作用。其严格性体现为时间、空间、组织和主体四个维度的整体约束，其相较一般行政处罚可提高违法改正率，也可使违法主体1年内再违法概率和再违法频次得到双降。其严密性则体现为，以四大措施间的合理组合及其与经济措施等机制的外部衔接，实现多层次、可持续、难规避的多维度制度约束力。生态环境法典优化了四大措施行为模式要素的严密性和法律后果要素的严格性。生态环境法典中四大措施的实施不在多用重罚，而应基于企业规模和行业类型进行措施的差异化选择；无须对所有企业、所有时段实施无差别、高频率监管，而应结合违法改正率和违法改正持续时间识别高违法概率对象与时点实施精准监管；并应形成执法结果与环境信用等措施间规则清晰、边界稳定、后果可预期的联动机制。

英文摘要:

The Ecological and Environmental Code inherits and further optimizes four enforcement-oriented measures in the Environmental Protection Law designed to strengthen administrative enforcement, namely consecutive daily penalties, seizing or impounding, restriction or suspension of production for rectification, and referral for administrative detention. These four measures enhance deterrence by strengthening enforcement stringency and constructing institutional comprehensiveness. Their stringency is reflected in holistic constraints across four dimensions of time, space, organizational structure, and subject. Compared with ordinary administrative penalties, these measures significantly increase violation correction rates and reduce both the probability and frequency of repeat violations within one year. Their comprehensiveness is reflected in the capacity for reasonable combinations among the four measures and effective integration with external mechanisms such as economic instruments to achieve multi-layered, sustainable, and difficult-to-evade multi-dimensional institutional constraints. The Ecological and Environmental Code further enhances the comprehensiveness of behavioral elements and the stringency of legal consequences across the four measures. Following the Code's optimization, administrative implementation of these measures should not prioritize heavy penalties per se, but instead adopt differentiated enforcement strategies based on enterprise size and industry characteristics; rather than imposing uniform high-frequency oversight across all enterprises and time periods, enforcement should be aimed at identifying high-risk actors and periods by reference to violation correction rates and correction duration so as to achieve targeted oversight; and linkage mechanisms between enforcement outcomes and measures such as environmental credit should be established that are rule-clear, boundary-stable, and consequence-predictable.

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