法学研究

文章摘要

以鉴代侦：电子数据司法鉴定的扩张趋势及其制度回应

Replacing Investigation with Appraisal: The Expansion of Judicial Appraisal of Electronic Data and Its Institutional Response

DOI：

中文关键词: 电子数据;司法鉴定;侦查;以鉴代侦

英文关键词: electronic data; judicial appraisal; investigation; replacing investigation with appraisal

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作者	单位
陈如超

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中文摘要:

电子数据司法鉴定大致可分为“发现型鉴定”和“分析型鉴定”两种类型。基于与电子数据收集提取、检查的功能等同性，公安机关时常以发现型鉴定代替侦查人员取证。分析型鉴定是电子数据“收集提取—检查—司法鉴定”递进式取证结构的最后一环，但因鉴定人有时集电子数据收集提取、检查、鉴定等功能于一体，故同样存在“以鉴代侦”的问题。以鉴代侦主要根源于公安机关的侦查取证能力、资源与常态化、专业化的电子数据取证需求不匹配。虽然以鉴代侦具有某种现实合理性，但其还是模糊了侦鉴边界，一方面规避了对公安机关侦查取证行为的制度控制，另一方面弱化了电子数据司法鉴定的独立性。为了应对电子数据司法鉴定的扩张趋势，一是要完善电子数据取证的专家辅助人制度，减少乃至避免发现型鉴定；二是在分析型鉴定中，合理限制鉴定人收集提取电子数据的范围，防止鉴定人自取自鉴，保障司法鉴定的客观独立。

英文摘要:

Judicial appraisal of electronic data can be broadly categorized into two types, i.e., the discovery-based appraisal and the analysis-based appraisal. Due to its equivalence in function with electronic data collection, extraction, and inspection measures, the discovery-based appraisal is often used by public security authorities to replace investigators’ evidence collection. The analysis-based appraisal is supposed to be the final stage in the progressive structure of the collection extraction, inspection, and judicial appraisal of electronic data evidence. However, since the appraisers sometimes combine the functions of collection, extraction, inspection, and judicial appraisal of electronic data, there is also a concern that appraisal may inappropriately replace the investigative process. This practice mainly stems from the mismatch between public security authorities’ investigative evidence collection capabilities and the regular, specialized demands for electronic data evidence collection. Although rational to a certain extent, this practice still blurs the legal boundary between investigative evidence collection by investigative personnel and judicial appraisal by appraisers, thus not only circumvents the systemic constraints of criminal justice on investigative evidence collection measures, but also weakens the independence of judicial appraisal of electronic data. To address the trend towards the expansion of judicial appraisal of electronic data, it should firstly, reduce or avoid discovery-based appraisal by improving the expert assistance system for evidence collection at the stage of collection of electronic data, and secondly, prevent self-collection and self-appraisal by reasonably limiting the scope of electronic data extracted as appraisal materials by appraisers in analysis-based appraisal, thus ensuring the objectivity and independence of judicial appraisal.

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