法学研究

文章摘要

受害人特殊体质与损害赔偿责任的减轻——最高人民法院第24号指导案例评析

Victim's Special Constitution and Mitigation of Liability for Damages

DOI：

英文关键词: liability for damages;special constitution;causation;victim's fault;comparative negligence

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作者	单位
程啸	清华大学法学院

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中文摘要:

最高人民法院第24号指导案例引出了一个很重要的侵权法问题，即当受害人的特殊体质与侵权行为结合共同造成或扩大了损害时，能否减轻侵权人的赔偿责任。在判断受害人的特殊体质能否减轻加害人赔偿责任时，应当先分析作为客观要件的因果关系，再研究受害人的特殊体质能否被评价为受害人的过错。受害人特殊体质、加害行为与损害之间存在三种类型的因果关系，前两种属于共同因果关系，但有所区别，而第三种属于假设因果关系。不同类型的因果关系对于加害人的赔偿责任影响不同。而受害人的特殊体质不应当被评价为受害人的过错，受害人也不因有特殊体质而被施加更高的自我照顾保护义务，否则不利于保护人格平等、维护自由以及控制风险。

英文摘要:

Guiding Case No. 24 of the Supreme People's Court raises a very important issue of tort law, that is, whether the tortfeasor's liability for damages can be mitigated if the damages are caused or aggravated by the combined effect of the victim's special constitution and the infringement. To determine whether the victim's special constitution can mitigate the tortfeasor's liability for damages, it is necessary to first analyze the causal relationship as an objective element, then examine whether the victim's special constitution can be judged as the victim's fault. There are three types of causal relationship between the victim's special constitution, the act of infringement, and damages. In the first type of relationship, the victim has some special constitution that, combines with the tortfeasor's act of injuring, results in the victim's loss of life. In other words, if the victim had no such special constitution, the tortfeasor's act would not have resulted in the victim's death, but only constitute an infringement on the victim's right to health. In the second type of relationship, even if the victim had no special constitution, the act of injuring alone is usually enough to infringe upon the victim's right to health. However, the damage is aggravated by the victim's special constitution. In the third type of relationship, prior to the act of assault, the victim's special constitution would necessarily result in the victim's disability or death, but the tortfeasor's act surpassed the special constitution and achieved this result in advance. The first two relationships belong to common causal relationship, but there are differences between them; and the third relationship is hypothetical causal relationship. Different types of causation have different effects on the liability for damages. The victim's special constitution should not be evaluated as the victim's fault and the victim should not be imposed a higher obligation of self-care and self-protection because of his or her special constitution. Otherwise it would be difficult to protect the equality of personality, uphold freedom, or control risks.

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