法学研究

文章摘要

实体性查封优先权的理论证成及体系展开

Theoretical Justification and Systematic Expansion of Substantive Attachment Priority Right

DOI：

英文关键词: effect of attachment; attachment priority right; enforcement priority doctrine; judicial lien; disposition principle

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作者	单位
马强伟	上海财经大学法学院

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中文摘要:

对于查封债权人优先受偿地位的性质,我国存在程序性优先与实体性优先两种观点。程序性优先权理论认为,查封效力仅为法院在参与分配和破产程序之外分配变价款的依据。其割裂了强制执行与债权清偿的联系,不符合执行优先主义及时清偿债权的立法目的。实体性优先权理论认为,查封赋予执行债权人一项独立的实体性权利,是其优先受偿的实体基础。其能为债权人及时提供司法保护,合理划定对债务人和第三人财产的干涉限度。实体性优先权的构造与担保物权具有相似性,其设立需满足担保物权设立的实体要件。同时,为避免对债务人财产归属的恣意变动,查封行为不可具有违反保护债务人规定的程序瑕疵。实体性优先权应与担保物权制度融合,两者应在标的物范围和权利顺位方面保持内在协调。实体性查封优先权的确立,还可澄清债权保全制度产生优先受偿效力的误解,基于债权保全目的的代位之诉和撤销之诉无法确立保全债权人的优先受偿地位,而是须通过债权查封并满足查封优先权之成立条件方能取得优先受偿地位。

英文摘要:

There are two theories regarding the nature of priority status for attaching creditors, i. e., procedural priority right and substantive priority right. The theory of procedural priority right posits that attachment merely determines the distribution of the monetary value from property disposition outside the participation in distribution procedures and the bankruptcy proceedings. This theory erroneously severs the inherent connection between compulsory enforcement and debt repayment, thus contradicting the legislative purpose of enforcement priority doctrine that emphasizes timely debt satisfaction. The theory of substantive priority right maintains that attachment confers upon enforcement creditors an independent substantive right that forms the legal basis for their preferential repayment. This approach provides creditors with prompt judicial protection while reasonably delineating the permissible scope of interference with the property of debtor and third-party. The configuration of substantive priority right demonstrates characteristics analogous to those of security interests, requiring satisfaction of equivalent substantive conditions for establishment as those governing the creation of security rights. Meanwhile, to prevent arbitrary alterations to property attribution of the debtor, attachment procedures must be free from procedural defects that violate debtor protection regulations. Substantive attachment priority right should be integrated with the security interest system, maintaining internal consistency in terms of subject matter scope and priority ranking. The establishment of substantive attachment priority rights further clears up misconceptions regarding the priority repayment effect generated by debt preservation mechanisms. Preservation mechanisms such as subrogation actions and revocation actions, which serve debt preservation purposes, cannot independently establish priority status for preservation creditors. Such priority in repayment can be obtained only through substantive priority right acquired via debt attachment.

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