法学研究

文章摘要

环境民事公益诉讼性质定位省思

Reflections on the Positioning of the Nature of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation

DOI：

中文关键词: 环境民事公益诉讼;代位执法;生态损害赔偿;民法典侵权责任编

英文关键词: environmental civil public interest litigation;subrogated enforcement;ecological damage compensation;the Part of Tort Liability in Civil Code

基金项目:

作者	单位
巩固	浙江大学光华法学院

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中文摘要:

民事公益诉讼是为弥补行政执法在社会公益保障方面的不足而创制的一种特殊司法机制，不是传统意义上的民事诉讼，不能照搬传统民事诉讼规则。从国外一般经验来看，环境民事公益诉讼具有严格依法实施、类型化发展、有限适用、行政分权担责、法院有限能动、普通公众参与等特性。在我国，环境民事公益诉讼被定位为侵权诉讼之一种，主要依据司法解释运行，具有法律依据不足、混同“代位执法”诉讼与损害填补诉讼、适用泛化、行政消极卸责、司法过度能动、公众参与不足等弊端。未来应扭转其作为民事诉讼的错误定位，以公法诉讼为指向完善相关制度。就目前法治实践而言，当务之急是修改相关司法解释，妥善拟定民法典侵权责任编相关条款，协调民法一般规则与环境特别立法的关系，科学推进民法典之绿色化。长远来看，应制定专门的环境公益损害救济法，对环境公益诉讼和生态损害赔偿分别作专章规定，前者应囊括民事公益诉讼与行政公益诉讼；后者应综合利用诉讼、磋商、行政执法等多种机制，并以对《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革方案》的立法转化为核心。

英文摘要:

The civil public interest litigation is a special judicial mechanism created to make up for the lack of administrative law enforcement in the field of social public welfare. It is not a traditional form of civil litigation, and cannot apply the traditional civil litigation rules. Judging from the general experiences of the world, environmental civil public interest litigation has the characteristics of strict implementation in accordance with law, typed development, limited applicability, administrative decentralization, limited discretion, and broad public participation. In China, environmental civil public interest litigation is considered as one type of tort litigation mainly based on judicial interpretations, with such shortcomings as insufficient legal basis, confusion of "subrogation law enforcement" litigation with compensation litigation, generalization of application, administrative negative responsibility, excessive judicial discretion, and inadequate public participation. In the future, China should rectify the incorrect positioning of civil public interest litigation as a civil lawsuit, and take public law litigation as the correct direction to improve related systems. Considering the current rule of law practice, it is imperative for China to revise the relevant judicial interpretations, appropriately deal with the relevant provisions in the Civil Code, coordinate the relationship between the general rules of civil law and special environmental legislation, and scientifically promote the greenization of the Civil Code. In the long run, China should adopt a special Environmental Public Interest Damage Relief Law that contains separate chapters on environmental public interest litigation and ecological damage compensation. The former should include civil public interest litigation and administrative public interest litigation. The latter should comprehensively make use of various mechanisms, such as litigation, consultation, and administrative law enforcement, and make the best of the Plan for the Reform of the Ecological Environment Damage Compensation System to achieve legislative transformation.

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