法学研究

文章摘要

法律保留的中国方案:“本质重要性”标准的引入及应用

The Chinese Approach to Legal Reservation:the Introduction and Application of the “Essential Importance” Standard

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英文关键词: legal reservation; fundamental rights; rule of law; administration according to law; constitutional review

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作者	单位
李忠夏	中国人民大学法学院

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中文摘要:

法律保留原则的适用方式在历史中不断变迁,但始终保留了实现法治国和民主控制的双重功能。于法治国的实现而言,法律保留最初旨在保障自由和财产,现其功能已扩展至对整个基本权利体系的保障;于民主控制而言,法律保留强调行政权乃至所有国家公权力的行使原则上都要受到民主立法的约束与控制。法律保留本质上涉及立法与其他国家机构之间的权限分配,不能简单地将法律保留视为一种形式原则,认为凡是国家公权力的行使或对基本权利的限制,均必须符合法律保留的要求。法律保留的适用需要借助实质的判断标准,即“本质重要性”标准。在我国,法律保留不仅涉及立法与行政之间的权限分配,还涉及全国人大及其常委会的决定/决议与立法、立法与监察、法律与地方性法规之间的权限分配。在围绕这些权限分配进行判断时,尤其需要融入实质化的标准,突破法律保留完全形式化、受民主原则支配的一面,从而将法治国原则的逻辑融入进来,借助基本权利的阶层化构造,形成法律保留的中国方案。

英文摘要:

The application of the principle of legal reservation has evolved throughout history, yet it has consistently retained its dual function of achieving the rule of law and democratic control. In terms of the rule of law, legal reservation was initially aimed at safeguarding liberty and property, but its function has now expanded to encompass the protection of the entire system of fundamental rights. In terms of democratic control, legal reservation emphasizes that the exercise of administrative power, and even all state public power, should generally be constrained and controlled by democratic legislation. Essentially, legal reservation concerns the allocation of powers between the legislature and other state institutions. We should not simply regard it as a formal principle and think that the exercise of state public power or limitations on fundamental rights must always comply with legal reservation requirements. The application of legal reservation requires a substantive judgment criterion, namely, the “essential importance” standard. In China, legal reservation involves the allocation of powers not only between legislation and administration, but also between the decisions or resolutions of the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee and legislation, between legislation and supervision, and between laws and local regulations. When making judgments regarding these allocations of power, it is especially necessary to incorporate substantive standards to break through the overly formalized view of legal reservation which is dominated by democratic principles, and to integrate the logic of the rule of law principle, so as to develop a uniquely Chinese approach to legal reservation through the hierarchical structure of fundamental rights.

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