法学研究

文章摘要

刑事诉讼时间规范的理论逻辑与制度改良

Theoretical Logic and Institutional Improvement of Time Norms in the Criminal Procedure

DOI：

英文关键词: reasonable time; mandatory disposition; limitation period of prosecution; time limit rule; speedy trial principle

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作者	单位
郭晶	中国人民公安大学法学院

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中文摘要:

为实现刑事诉讼程序妥速运转,域内外普遍创设速审原则和时限规则等时间规范,作为裁判当事人时间争议的依据。刑事诉讼的时间规范可分为诉讼行为推进的合理期间、强制处分持续的合理期间以及追诉时效存续的合理期间三种类型,以此塑造公正的刑事诉讼时间秩序——既充分尊重办案人员的能动性,也保障当事人合理的用时需求。目前,我国尚未对三种时间规范进行充分的理论辨析和立法区分,以致发生制度混同和功能紊乱。基于三者各自的机理,可改良我国刑事诉讼的时间规范体系。首先,强制处分起止时点应与相关诉讼行为节点适度脱钩,避免追诉方的用时需求被直接转化为强制处分的必要性。其次,与强制处分持续的合理期间相分离,削弱了诉讼行为推进合理期间的限时加速功能。为有力遏制诉讼拖延,须同步激活速审原则和追诉时效的控时效力。最后,细化规定各类限时和授时理由,改固定授时为可变授时;倾斜保护辩方的用时需求,切实发挥授时减速效果,以抗衡追诉方过度的效率追求。

英文摘要:

To ensure the smooth and expeditious operation of criminal litigation procedures, foreign and domestic jurisdictions commonly institute time norms, such as the principle of speedy trial and time-limit regulations, as the basis for adjudicating time-related disputes among parties. These time norms can be categorized into three types: the advancement period of litigation acts, the duration of compulsory measures, and the limitation period of prosecution. This approach not only fully respects the initiative of case-handling personnel but also effectively safeguards the legitimate time demands of the parties. Currently, China has not adopted efficient legislative techniques to differentiate among these three types of time norms, resulting in institutional confusion and functional derangement and giving rise to time-related chaos in practice. The time norms in criminal procedures should be improved according to the mechanisms of these three types of time norms. Firstly, the commencement and termination points of the duration of compulsory measures should be appropriately decoupled from the nodes of litigation acts to prevent the time requirements of all parties from being translated directly into the necessity of continuous application of compulsory measures. Secondly, since the time-limit accelerating function of the advancement period of litigation acts has been weakened due to the above-mentioned decoupling, the time-controlling effects of various principles of speedy trial and limitation period of prosecution on litigation activities should be synchronously enhanced to prevent process delay. Finally, various time-limit and timegrant justifications should be elaborated, and the fixed time-grant mechanism should be transformed into a variable one. Moreover, it is also essential to give preferential protection to the time needs of the defense side, give full play to the decelerating effect, and strive to counterbalance the authorities’ excessive pursuit of efficiency.

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